Computer Zone

How to BINARY CONVERTOR IN C++ ?

2011-02-10T08:15:00.000-08:00

#include
using namespace std;
#include
#include

char *entry, letter, choice[2];
int ascii, len, binary[8], total;
void prog();

int main()
{
prog();
return 0;
}

void prog()
{
entry = new char[501];
/* entry should be dynamic, otherwise a new
string entry of 501 chars would be created
each time function is called!
Talk about memory hog! */
cout<<"Enter string to convert (up to 500 chars): "; cin.getline(entry, 500); len = strlen(entry); /* get the number of characters in entry. */ /* this loop is executed for each letter in the string. */ for(int i = 0; i0) /* This while loop converts the ASCII # into binary,
stores it backwards into the binary array. */
{
/* To get the binary code one must take the decimal number in
question, take it and divide it by two repeatedly, save
the remainder (which will become the binary number), save
the whole number, divide by two, and repeat the whole
process until 0 is reached. This if-else statement serves
this functionality, by getting the remainder of the ascii
code, storing it in the array and then dividing the int
ascii by two */
if((ascii%2)==0)
{
binary[total] = 0;
ascii = ascii/2;
total++; /* increasing by one each time will yeild the
number of numbers in the array. */
}
else
{
binary[total] = 1;
ascii = ascii/2;
total++;
}
}
total--; /* due to data type factors, the program will actually
add a 0 at the end of the array that is not supposed
to be there, decrementing total will solve this
problem, as that 0 will not be displayed. */
/* this while loop displays the binary code for that letter. */
while(total>=0)
{
cout<
total--;
}
}
delete[] entry; /* free up the memory used by entry */
cout<<<"Do again(1 = yes, 2= no)?: "; cin.getline(choice,3); if(choice[0] == '1') prog(); /* program is recursive, it calls itself. It's kinda like a function loop of sorts. */ else exit(0); /* quits the program */ } source: www.cplusplus.com

HOW TO SELECT A LANGUAGE FOR CODING AN APPLICATION

2011-02-08T23:00:00.000-08:00

One is often faced with the situation of selecting a programming language, out of the many options available for coding an application. The following factors generally influence the selection process:

Nature of the application: The language should be suitable for the application area. For example, FORTRAN is suitable for scientific and engineering applications, while COBOL is suitable for business applications.
Familiarity with the language: If there are multiple languages, which are found suitable for the application area, the language selected should be one that is best known to the programmers who are going to code the application.
Easy of learning the language: If there are multiple languages, which are found suitable for the application area, and if the programmers are not familiar with any of them, the language, which is easier to learn and use, should be selected.
Availability of programme development tools: Before selecting a language, one must also find out whether the language is well supported wtih good programme development tools like compiler, interpreter, debugger, linker etc. The time and effort needed for coding the application can be greatly reduced, if the selected language is supported with good programme development tools.
Names, how to designe the GUI for the software, how and up to what detail to include comments in programme code, and what diagrams, charts, reports, outputs, etc. Necessary for documentation to be complete successully.

Souce: Computer Fundaments (III Edition)

Windows START Command Use through DOS Prompt

2011-02-08T08:50:00.000-08:00

Starts a separate window to run a specified program or command.

START ["title"] [/Dpath] [/I] [/MIN] [/MAX] [/SEPARATE | /SHARED]
[/LOW | /NORMAL | /HIGH | /REALTIME | /ABOVENORMAL | /BELOWNORMAL]
[/WAIT] [/B] [command/program]
[parameters]

"title" Title to display in window title bar.
path Starting directory
B Start application without creating a new window. The
application has ^C handling ignored. Unless the application
enables ^C processing, ^Break is the only way to interrupt
the application
I The new environment will be the original environment passed
to the cmd.exe and not the current environment.
MIN Start window minimized
MAX Start window maximized
SEPARATE Start 16-bit Windows program in separate memory space
SHARED Start 16-bit Windows program in shared memory space
LOW Start application in the IDLE priority class
NORMAL Start application in the NORMAL priority class
HIGH Start application in the HIGH priority class
REALTIME Start application in the REALTIME priority class
ABOVENORMAL Start application in the ABOVENORMAL priority class
BELOWNORMAL Start application in the BELOWNORMAL priority class
WAIT Start application and wait for it to terminate
command/program
If it is an internal cmd command or a batch file then
the command processor is run with the /K switch to cmd.exe.
This means that the window will remain after the command
has been run.

If it is not an internal cmd command or batch file then
it is a program and will run as either a windowed application
or a console application.

parameters These are the parameters passed to the command/program

If Command Extensions are enabled, external command invocation
through the command line or the START command changes as follows:

non-executable files may be invoked through their file association just
by typing the name of the file as a command. (e.g. WORD.DOC would
launch the application associated with the .DOC file extension).
See the ASSOC and FTYPE commands for how to create these
associations from within a command script.

When executing an application that is a 32-bit GUI application, CMD.EXE
does not wait for the application to terminate before returning to
the command prompt. This new behavior does NOT occur if executing
within a command script.

When executing a command line whose first token is the string "CMD "
without an extension or path qualifier, then "CMD" is replaced with
the value of the COMSPEC variable. This prevents picking up CMD.EXE
from the current directory.

When executing a command line whose first token does NOT contain an
extension, then CMD.EXE uses the value of the PATHEXT
environment variable to determine which extensions to look for
and in what order. The default value for the PATHEXT variable
is:

.COM;.EXE;.BAT;.CMD

Notice the syntax is the same as the PATH variable, with
semicolons separating the different elements.

When searching for an executable, if there is no match on any extension,
then looks to see if the name matches a directory name. If it does, the
START command launches the Explorer on that path. If done from the
command line, it is the equivalent to doing a CD /D to that path.

Some Excel Tricks

2011-02-06T17:42:00.000-08:00

Generate Random Numbers
Need to create random numbers? You can do it in Excel.
To generate a number between 0 and 1, type =RAND() in a cell.
To generate a number between 1 and 100, type =RAND()*100.
After entering, use the fill handle to quickly populate as many cells with random numbers as needed. To use the fill handle, click the cell, move your pointer over the lower-right corner of the cell until it turns into a black plus sign, and drag it horizontally or vertically across the cells you wish to populate. The cells can then be formatted as desired.
No Formula, Please
When copying and pasting a cell that contains a formula, use the Paste Special feature. First, copy the cell (Edit...Copy). Next click in the desired location and click Edit...Paste Special. Choose Values to copy the number only and not the formula.
Insert Time/Date in Excel
Try these keyboard shortcuts to insert the time/date in an Excel spreadsheet:
Current date: Press CTRL+SEMICOLON
Current time: Press CTRL+SHIFT+ SEMICOLON
Current date and time: Press CTRL+ SEMICOLON then SPACE then CTRL+SHIFT+ SEMICOLON

Hide Worksheets in Excel 2002
To hide Excel worksheets to prevent unwanted changes, Select the worksheet, click Format...Sheet...Hide.
Color-Coding Excel Sheet Tabs in Excel 2002
In Excel 2002, color-code sheet tabs for easier identification or grouping.
Select the sheet(s) by holding down the CTRL key and clicking the tabs.
Click Format...Sheet...Tab Color. You can also right-click the sheet tab and choose
click Tab Color.
Pasting an Excel Table and Its Formatting into Word
In Excel, select the table and click Edit..Copy. Switch to Word, and click where the table will be located. Click Edit...Paste. Using the Paste Options smart tag, select one of the following options: To keep the formatting, select Keep Source Formatting. To automatically keep data updated as it is updated in Excel, select Keep Source Formatting and Link to Excel. To match the style of another table in the Word document, select Match Destination Table Style. To link the table instead of copying it, select Match Destination Table Style and Link to Excel.
Go To
To search for specific cells, such as ones that have formulas or ones that just contain values, use the Go To feature. Click Edit...Go to...and choose the desired feature.
Shortcut Keys
To see a complete list of shortcut keys in Excel, press F1 on the keyboard and type shortcut keys in the search box.
Customizing Toolbars
Right-click on any toolbars and click the customize the toolbar. Click the Command tab, select the desired category, and click and drag new features from the right command box to the toolbar.
Quick Graphs
Want to create a quick graph? Click anyway in the Excel data on the spreadsheet, press F11 key and presto! Right-click in the graph border to change the type, location, or data.
Basic Keyboard Shortcuts
F1 Help
F2 Edit current Cell
F5 Goto
F7 Spell Check
F12 Save file as
CTRL + A Select entire worksheet.
CTRL + B Toggle Bold Text.
CTRL + C Copies the item or items selected to the Clipboard and can be pasted using CTRL + V.
CTRL + F Displays the Find dialog box.
CTRL + H Displays the Replace dialog box

What are the Advantages and Limitations of Multiprocessing

2011-02-05T08:15:00.000-08:00

Multiprocessing systems typically have the following advantages:

Better Performance. Due to multiplicity of processors, multiprocessor systems have better performance (shorter responses times and higher throughput) than single+processor systems. For example, if there are two different programs to be run, two processors are evidently more powerful than one because the programs can be simultaneously run on different processors. Furthermore, if a particular computation can be partitioned into a number of sub-computations that can run concurrently, in a multiprocessor system, all the sub-computations can be simultaneously run, with each one on a difference processor (popularly known as parallel processing)
Better Reliability. Due to multiplicity of processors, multiprocessor system also have better reliability than single-processor systems. In a properly designed multiprocessor system, if one of the processors breaks down, the other processor(s) automatically takes over the system workload until repairs are made. Hence, a complete breakdown of such systems can be avoided.

Multiprocessing system, however, require a very sophisticated operating system to schedule, balance, and coordinate the input, output, and processing activities of multiple processors. The design of such an operating system is a complex and time take job. Moreover, multiprocessing systems are expensive to procure and maintain. In condition to the high charge paid initially, the regular operation and maintenance of these systems are also a costly affair.

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Do you know What is Data Processing Concept ?

2011-02-04T20:32:00.000-08:00

The following events take place when a computer processes the data.

The programme and the necessary data are entered into the Computer System from an input device, and are stored in main memory where they can be accessed as needed.
Now, the C.P.U. (Central Processing Unit) retrieves the instructions from the main memory, one by one, and de-codes each instructions to determine what operation to be performed.
When required by instructions, the C.P.U. also retrieves the necessary data from main memory.
The C.P.U. then performs the operation required by the instruction, which might be arithmetic or logical operation. As each instructions are performed, the results are either temporary saved by the C.P.U. or are stored in memory.
The processing Cycle (retrieves instructions, decode and execute instructions, save results) is repeated until all the programme instructions have been carried out by the C.P.U. The final results are then either stored in main memory, or are sent to an output device such as a printer.

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Know about Operating System Windows XP

2011-02-02T18:59:00.000-08:00

You can install Windows XP Home Edition or Professional in a virtual machine using the corresponding
Windows XP distribution CD. If your VMware product supports it, you can also install from a PXE server.
Fulfill these prerequisites before installing Windows XP:ESX, VMware Workstation, VMware ACE, and GSX Server: To use the virtual BusLogic SCSI adapter in

Create and configure a new virtual machine
Consider these support and configuration issues for Windows XP:
a Windows XP virtual machine, you need a special SCSI driver available from the download section of the
VMware Web site at www.vmware.com/download. Follow the instructions on the Web site to use the
driver with a fresh installation of Windows XP.
ESX and GSX Server: If you are using the virtual LSI Logic SCSI adapter in a Windows XP virtual
machine, download the driver from the download center at the LSI Logic Web site. Go to
http://www.lsi.com/cm/DownloadSearch.do?locale=EN and download the LSI20320‐R SCSI adapter
driver for your guest operating system.
ESX: You can use the vmscsi SCSI driver for the virtual BusLogic SCSI adapter provided on the Windows
XP Professional floppy image that is included with the ESX software. Although supported by ESX 4.0
Update 1, the e1000 NIC driver is not provided with the 32‐bit version of Windows XP Professional. For
support, download the driver from the Intel Web site. See knowledgebase article 1016456
If you have a virtual machine with a SCSI virtual disk and an earlier Windows guest operating system,
and want to upgrade the virtual machine to Windows XP, install the new SCSI driver before upgrading
the operating system.

How to Create Graphics Presentation in MS Word

2011-02-01T18:21:00.000-08:00

The power graphics is demonstrated through business graphics software in the industry today. Features covered include making presentations and combining information from other application packages such as spreadsheets and databases.

Start MS Word Applications.
Set Line Spacing to 1.5 inches.
Type the above matter in Microsoft Work and save the document in "My Document" folder with any file name.
Use Universe font and set font size to 16 for title of the document. Underline the title and use Bold style.
Use Verdena font for subtitles in the document. Set font size to 13 and change found style to italic.
Use "Print Preview" command to see the preview and change zoom levels.
Save the Document with file name assignment 2 using Save AS command in the folder of your name. Use Create New Folder Icon to Create New Folder of your name.
See the Web Page Preview of the Document created by you.
Use Properties option in File menu and observe the use of this option.
Use Exit command to exit from Microsoft Word Application.

Sourse: Computer Fundamentls (Acci.-8)

HOW TO WORK "CMD" COMMAND & WITH WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM

2010-03-19T05:18:00.000-07:00

Starts a new instance of the Windows XP command interpreter

CMD [/A | /U] [/Q] [/D] [/E:ON | /E:OFF] [/F:ON | /F:OFF] [/V:ON | /V:OFF]
[[/S] [/C | /K] string]

/C Carries out the command specified by string and then terminates
/K Carries out the command specified by string but remains
/S Modifies the treatment of string after /C or /K (see below)
/Q Turns echo off
/D Disable execution of AutoRun commands from registry (see below)
/A Causes the output of internal commands to a pipe or file to be ANSI
/U Causes the output of internal commands to a pipe or file to be
Unicode
/T:fg Sets the foreground/background colors (see COLOR /? for more info)
/E:ON Enable command extensions (see below)
/E:OFF Disable command extensions (see below)
/F:ON Enable file and directory name completion characters (see below)
/F:OFF Disable file and directory name completion characters (see below)
/V:ON Enable delayed environment variable expansion using ! as the
delimiter. For example, /V:ON would allow !var! to expand the
variable var at execution time. The var syntax expands variables
at input time, which is quite a different thing when inside of a FOR
loop.
/V:OFF Disable delayed environment expansion.

Note that multiple commands separated by the command separator '&&'
are accepted for string if surrounded by quotes. Also, for compatibility
reasons, /X is the same as /E:ON, /Y is the same as /E:OFF and /R is the
same as /C. Any other switches are ignored.

If /C or /K is specified, then the remainder of the command line after
the switch is processed as a command line, where the following logic is
used to process quote (") characters:

1. If all of the following conditions are met, then quote characters
on the command line are preserved:

- no /S switch
- exactly two quote characters
- no special characters between the two quote characters,
where special is one of: &<>()@^|
- there are one or more whitespace characters between the
the two quote characters
- the string between the two quote characters is the name
of an executable file.

2. Otherwise, old behavior is to see if the first character is
a quote character and if so, strip the leading character and
remove the last quote character on the command line, preserving
any text after the last quote character.

If /D was NOT specified on the command line, then when CMD.EXE starts, it
looks for the following REG_SZ/REG_EXPAND_SZ registry variables, and if
either or both are present, they are executed first.

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\AutoRun

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\AutoRun

Command Extensions are enabled by default. You may also disable
extensions for a particular invocation by using the /E:OFF switch. You
can enable or disable extensions for all invocations of CMD.EXE on a
machine and/or user logon session by setting either or both of the
following REG_DWORD values in the registry using REGEDT32.EXE:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\EnableExtensions

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\EnableExtensions

to either 0x1 or 0x0. The user specific setting takes precedence over
the machine setting. The command line switches take precedence over the
registry settings.

The command extensions involve changes and/or additions to the following
commands:

DEL or ERASE
COLOR
CD or CHDIR
MD or MKDIR
PROMPT
PUSHD
POPD
SET
SETLOCAL
ENDLOCAL
IF
FOR
CALL
SHIFT
GOTO
START (also includes changes to external command invocation)
ASSOC
FTYPE

To get specific details, type commandname /? to view the specifics.

Delayed environment variable expansion is NOT enabled by default. You
can enable or disable delayed environment variable expansion for a
particular invocation of CMD.EXE with the /V:ON or /V:OFF switch. You
can enable or disable completion for all invocations of CMD.EXE on a
machine and/or user logon session by setting either or both of the
following REG_DWORD values in the registry using REGEDT32.EXE:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\DelayedExpansion

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\DelayedExpansion

to either 0x1 or 0x0. The user specific setting takes precedence over
the machine setting. The command line switches take precedence over the
registry settings.

If delayed environment variable expansion is enabled, then the exclamation
character can be used to substitute the value of an environment variable
at execution time.

File and Directory name completion is NOT enabled by default. You can
enable or disable file name completion for a particular invocation of
CMD.EXE with the /F:ON or /F:OFF switch. You can enable or disable
completion for all invocations of CMD.EXE on a machine and/or user logon
session by setting either or both of the following REG_DWORD values in
the registry using REGEDT32.EXE:

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\CompletionChar
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\PathCompletionChar

and/or

HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\CompletionChar
HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Command Processor\PathCompletionChar

with the hex value of a control character to use for a particular
function (e.g. 0x4 is Ctrl-D and 0x6 is Ctrl-F). The user specific
settings take precedence over the machine settings. The command line
switches take precedence over the registry settings.

If completion is enabled with the /F:ON switch, the two control
characters used are Ctrl-D for directory name completion and Ctrl-F for
file name completion. To disable a particular completion character in
the registry, use the value for space (0x20) as it is not a valid
control character.

Completion is invoked when you type either of the two control
characters. The completion function takes the path string to the left
of the cursor appends a wild card character to it if none is already
present and builds up a list of paths that match. It then displays the
first matching path. If no paths match, it just beeps and leaves the
display alone. Thereafter, repeated pressing of the same control
character will cycle through the list of matching paths. Pressing the
Shift key with the control character will move through the list
backwards. If you edit the line in any way and press the control
character again, the saved list of matching paths is discarded and a new
one generated. The same occurs if you switch between file and directory
name completion. The only difference between the two control characters
is the file completion character matches both file and directory names,
while the directory completion character only matches directory names.
If file completion is used on any of the built in directory commands
(CD, MD or RD) then directory completion is assumed.

The completion code deals correctly with file names that contain spaces
or other special characters by placing quotes around the matching path.
Also, if you back up, then invoke completion from within a line, the
text to the right of the cursor at the point completion was invoked is
discarded.

The special characters that require quotes are:

&()[]{}^=;!'+,`~

Consept of Data Processing

2010-03-17T00:50:00.000-07:00

The following events take place when a computer processes the data.

1. The programme and the necessary data are entered into the Computer System from an input device, and are stored in main memory where they can be accessed as needed.
2. Now, the C.P.U. (Central Processing Unit) retrieves the instructions from the main memory, one by one, and de-codes each instructions to determine what operation to be performed.
3. When required by instructions, the C.P.U. also retrieves the necessary data from main memory.
4. The C.P.U. then performs the operation required by the instruction, which might be arithmetic or logical operation. As each instructions are performed, the results are either temporary saved by the C.P.U. or are stored in memory.
5. The processing Cycle (retrieves instructions, decode and execute instructions, save results) is repeated until all the programme instructions have been carried out by the C.P.U. The final results are then either stored in main memory, or are sent to an output device such as a printer.

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OPERATING SYSTEM WINDOWS XP

2010-03-15T01:16:00.000-07:00

Create and configure a new virtual machine
Consider these support and configuration issues for Windows XP:
a Windows XP virtual machine, you need a special SCSI driver available from the download section of the
VMware Web site at www.vmware.com/download. Follow the instructions on the Web site to use the
driver with a fresh installation of Windows XP.
ESX and GSX Server: If you are using the virtual LSI Logic SCSI adapter in a Windows XP virtual
machine, download the driver from the download center at the LSI Logic Web site. Go to
http://www.lsi.com/cm/DownloadSearch.do?locale=EN and download the LSI20320‐R SCSI adapter
driver for your guest operating system.
ESX: You can use the vmscsi SCSI driver for the virtual BusLogic SCSI adapter provided on the Windows
XP Professional floppy image that is included with the ESX software. Although supported by ESX 4.0
Update 1, the e1000 NIC driver is not provided with the 32‐bit version of Windows XP Professional. For
support, download the driver from the Intel Web site. See knowledgebase article 1016456
If you have a virtual machine with a SCSI virtual disk and an earlier Windows guest operating system,
and want to upgrade the virtual machine to Windows XP, install the new SCSI driver before upgrading
the operating system.

Do you know, What is CIS (Central Internet Servers) ?

2010-03-11T23:24:00.000-08:00

By 1998, a new form of the darknet began to emerge from technological advances in several areas. The internet had become mainstream, and as such its protocols and infrastructure could now be relied upon by anyone seeking to connect users with a centralized service or with each other. The continuing fall in the price of storage together with advances in compression technology had also crossed the threshold at which storing large numbers of audio files was no longer an obstacle to mainstream users. Additionally, the power of computers had crossed the point at which they could be used as rendering devices for multimedia content. Finally, “CD ripping” became a trivial method for content injection.

The first embodiments of this new darknet were central internet servers with large collections of MP3 audio files. A fundamental change that came with these servers was the use of a new distribution network: The internet displaced the sneaker net – at least for audio content. This solved several problems of the old darknet. First, latency was reduced drastically.

Secondly, and more importantly, discovery of objects became much easier because of simple and powerful search mechanisms – most importantly the general-purpose world-wide-web search engine. The local view of the small world was replaced by a global view of the entire collection accessible by all users. The main characteristic of this form of the darknet was centralized storage and search – a simple architecture that mirrored mainstream internet servers.

Centralized or quasi-centralized distribution and service networks make sense for legal online commerce. Bandwidth and infrastructure costs tend to be low, and having customers visit a commerce site means the merchant can display adverts, collect profiles, and bill efficiently. Additionally, management, auditing, and accountability are much easier in a centralized model.
However, centralized schemes work poorly for illegal object distribution because large, central servers are large single points of failure: If the distributor is breaking the law, it is relatively easy to force him to stop. Early MP3 Web and FTP sites were commonly “hosted” by universities, corporations, and ISPs. Copyright-holders or their representatives sent “cease and desist” letters to these web-site operators and web-owners citing copyright infringement and in a few cases followed up with legal action [15]. The threats of legal action were successful attacks on those centralized networks, and MP3 web and FTP sites disappeared from the mainstream shortly after they appeared.

SPECIFICATION, FETURES & BENEFITS OF DOT MATRICS PRINTER

2010-03-10T23:30:00.000-08:00

Features and benefits

RS-232 or 20mA input

Small enough (41/2" x 4" x 2") to fit anywhere—

Table top, wall, or panel mounting available.

24-, 32-, and 40-column printing capacity

Uses standard 21/2" adding machine paper

Programmable double high and/or double wide characters

Easily replaceable black or purple ink cartridge.

Dual function rocker switch: On/Standby, Paper feed

Available in AC or DC models.

Optional watertight enclosure available.

X-ON, X-OFF and Busy Signal-clear to send (CTS)

are both supported.

Selectable sequencial transaction number printing

Specifications

Print method: Impact dot matrix

Character matrix: 5 x 8 or 5 x 5 matrix

Character spacing:

24 column - 12.8 characters/inch

32 column - 17 characters/inch

40 column - 21 characters/inch

Line feed spacing:

7.6 lines per inch...single high character mode

Character buffering: 9.5K

Paper roll:

Table top - 21/4" W x 23/4" O.D.; 0.44" I.D.

Panel mount - 21/4" W x 11/4: O.D.

Power: 1.5 Watts (idle) 10 Watts (while printing)

AC voltage: 9 VAC (120 VAC stepdown converter included)

DC voltage:

Optional 9-12 VDC, 100 mA idle, 1.5 A typical, 2.9A peak

Optional 12-48 VDC

Available baud rates:

300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200

Character format:

7, 8 data bits, 1 or 2 stop bits, even, odd or no parity

Environment: 5°C to 40°C (41°F to 104°F)

Shipping weight: 3 lbs

Options:

Time/date battery protected circuitry

Wall mounting versions and a watertight enclosure are

available, for both AC and DC models.

Warranty: 120 day

System Security Testing

2010-03-09T03:17:00.000-08:00

Proactive methods, employing system testing, can be used to identify system vulnerabilities
efficiently, depending on the criticality of the IT system and available resources (e.g., allocated
funds, available technology, persons with the expertise to conduct the test). Test methods
include.

• Automated vulnerability scanning tool
• Security test and evaluation (ST&E)
• Penetration testing.6

The automated vulnerability scanning tool is used to scan a group of hosts or a network for
known vulnerable services (e.g., system allows anonymous File Transfer Protocol [FTP],
sendmail relaying). However, it should be noted that some of the potential vulnerabilities
identified by the automated scanning tool may not represent real vulnerabilities in the context of
the system environment. For example, some of these scanning tools rate potential vulnerabilities
without considering the site’s environment and requirements. Some of the “vulnerabilities”
flagged by the automated scanning software may actually not be vulnerable for a particular site
but may be configured that way because their environment requires it. Thus, this test method
may produce false positives.
ST&E is another technique that can be used in identifying IT system vulnerabilities during the
risk assessment process. It includes the development and execution of a test plan (e.g., test
script, test procedures, and expected test results). The purpose of system security testing is to
test the effectiveness of the security controls of an IT system as they have been applied in an
operational environment. The objective is to ensure that the applied controls meet the approved
security specification for the software and hardware and implement the organization’s security
policy or meet industry standards.
Penetration testing can be used to complement the review of security controls and ensure that
different facets of the IT system are secured. Penetration testing, when employed in the risk
assessment process, can be used to assess an IT system’s ability to withstand intentional attempts
to circumvent system security. Its objective is to test the IT system from the viewpoint of a
threat-source and to identify potential failures in the IT system protection schemes.

BUS LINES & SYSTEM COMPONENTS

2010-02-15T08:38:00.000-08:00

Bus lines provide data pathways that connect various system components.

A Bus line- also know as data bus or simply bus connects the part of the CPU to each other. It also links the CPU to various other components on the system board. A bus is a data roadway along which bits travel. Such data pathways resemble a multilane highway. The more lanes there are. tje faster traffic cam go through. Similarly, the greater the capacity of a bus, the more powerful and faster the operation. A 64-Bit bus has greater capacity than a 32 - Bit bus.

A system unit has more than one type of bus line. The principal bus lines (or "architectures") are :

Industry standard architecture (ISA) was developped for the IBM Personal Computer. First it was an 8-Bit wide data path; then it was 16 Bits wide. Although too slow for may of today's application, the ISA but is still widely used.
Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) was originally developed to meet the video demands of graphical user interfaces, PCI is a high-speed 32 Bit or 64-Bit bus that is over 20 times faster than ISA buses. The PCI is expected to replace the ISA bus in the near future. PCI buses are widely used to connect the CPU, memory and expansion boards.
Accellerated graphics port (AGP) is over twice as fast as the PCI bus. While the PCI bus is used for a variety of purposes, the AGP bus is dedicated to the acceleration of graphics performance. Widely used for graphics and 3-D animations, the AGP is replacing the PCI bus for the transfer of video data.

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DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS SYSTEM EVALUATION

2010-02-13T23:09:00.000-08:00

Once the new system is implemented and put to operation, it is necessary to evaluate the system to verify whether it is meeting its objectives. These objectives of the system are clearly stated during its problem analysis and system planning phase. The post implementation system evaluation is normally carried out by people who have an independent viewpoint, and are not responsible for the development and maintenance of the system. While evaluating a system, the following points are normally considered:

Performance Evaluation: The performance of the new system is evaluated and compared with the performance of the old system. In generally, the new system should be at least as efficient as the old one in performance. In case of any slack, the reason is analyzed, and if possible, necessary changes are incorporated in the new system to rectify it.
Cost Analysis: It should be analyzed whether the cost estimates done for the various phases of the project, during the planning phase in the beginning, matches with the actual cost incurred in each phase. In case of discrepancies, the cost analysis will help in finding out the reasons. The knowledge can be used in making correct cost estimates for the new systems, which will be designed in future.
Time Analysis: It should be analyzed whether the time estimates done for the various phases of the project, during the planning phase in the beginning, matches with the actual time taken in each phase. In case of discrepancies, the time analysis will help in finding out the reasons. The knowledge can be used in making correct time estimates for the new systems, which will be designed in future.
User Satisfaction: It should be found out whether the users are satisfied with the new system. How useful is the system for them? How enthusiastic are they about the service they receive? Do they received outputs in time to take necessary action? The morale of people using or affected by a system is a good measure of the success of the system.
Ease of Modification: Sooner or later, all systems need to be modified due to one or more of the reasons mentioned in the next section. Hence, the ease with which a system can be modified to incorporate the suggested changes is also an important parameter to judge the quality of the system.
Failure Rate: The quality of a system also depends on its failure rate. A system, which frequently fails cannot meet its objectives successfully. Hence, it is of poor quality.

Graphic Presentation in MS Word

2010-02-09T13:37:00.000-08:00

Start MS Word Applications.
Set Line Spacing to 1.5 inches.
Type the above matter in Microsoft Work and save the document in "My Document" folder with any file name.
Use Universe font and set font size to 16 for title of the document. Underline the title and use Bold style.
Use Verdena font for subtitles in the document. Set font size to 13 and change found style to italic.
Use "Print Preview" command to see the preview and change zoom levels.
Save the Document with file name assignment 2 using Save AS command in the folder of your name. Use Create New Folder Icon to Create New Folder of your name.
See the Web Page Preview of the Document created by you.
Use Properties option in File menu and observe the use of this option.
Use Exit command to exit from Microsoft Word Application.

Sourse: Computer Fundamentls (Acci.-8)

WINDOWS & CMD COMMAND

2010-02-07T05:47:00.000-08:00

REPLACE COMMAND IS USED AS DATABASE AND OTHER APPLICATIONS

2010-02-05T09:34:00.000-08:00

The Windows 95 to Windows 2007 all versions followed the Replace command which is use for to replace files or to replace any word as well as used this command as database.

Replaces files.

REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/A] [/P] [/R] [/W]
REPLACE [drive1:][path1]filename [drive2:][path2] [/P] [/R] [/S] [/W] [/U]

[drive1:][path1]filename Specifies the source file or files.
[drive2:][path2] Specifies the directory where files are to be
replaced.
/A Adds new files to destination directory. Cannot
use with /S or /U switches.
/P Prompts for confirmation before replacing a file or
adding a source file.
/R Replaces read-only files as well as unprotected
files.
/S Replaces files in all subdirectories of the
destination directory. Cannot use with the /A
switch.
/W Waits for you to insert a disk before beginning.
/U Replaces (updates) only files that are older than
source files. Cannot use with the /A switch.

"SET" Command is used to dispplay System Annalysis Configuration.

2010-02-03T18:02:00.000-08:00

Displays, sets, or removes cmd.exe environment variables.

SET [variable=[string]]

variable Specifies the environment-variable name.
string Specifies a series of characters to assign to the variable.

Type SET without parameters to display the current environment variables.

If Command Extensions are enabled SET changes as follows:

SET command invoked with just a variable name, no equal sign or value
will display the value of all variables whose prefix matches the name
given to the SET command. For example:

SET P

would display all variables that begin with the letter 'P'

SET command will set the ERRORLEVEL to 1 if the variable name is not
found in the current environment.

SET command will not allow an equal sign to be part of the name of
a variable.

Two new switches have been added to the SET command:

SET /A expression
SET /P variable=[promptString]

The /A switch specifies that the string to the right of the equal sign
is a numerical expression that is evaluated. The expression evaluator
is pretty simple and supports the following operations, in decreasing
order of precedence:

() - grouping
! ~ - - unary operators
* / % - arithmetic operators
+ - - arithmetic operators
<< >> - logical shift
& - bitwise and
^ - bitwise exclusive or
| - bitwise or
= *= /= %= += -= - assignment
&= ^= |= <<= >>=
, - expression separator

If you use any of the logical or modulus operators, you will need to
enclose the expression string in quotes. Any non-numeric strings in the
expression are treated as environment variable names whose values are
converted to numbers before using them. If an environment variable name
is specified but is not defined in the current environment, then a value
of zero is used. This allows you to do arithmetic with environment
variable values without having to type all those % signs to get their
values. If SET /A is executed from the command line outside of a
command script, then it displays the final value of the expression. The
assignment operator requires an environment variable name to the left of
the assignment operator. Numeric values are decimal numbers, unless
prefixed by 0x for hexadecimal numbers, and 0 for octal numbers.
So 0x12 is the same as 18 is the same as 022. Please note that the octal
notation can be confusing: 08 and 09 are not valid numbers because 8 and
9 are not valid octal digits.

The /P switch allows you to set the value of a variable to a line of input
entered by the user. Displays the specified promptString before reading
the line of input. The promptString can be empty.

Environment variable substitution has been enhanced as follows:

%PATH:str1=str2%

would expand the PATH environment variable, substituting each occurrence
of "str1" in the expanded result with "str2". "str2" can be the empty
string to effectively delete all occurrences of "str1" from the expanded
output. "str1" can begin with an asterisk, in which case it will match
everything from the beginning of the expanded output to the first
occurrence of the remaining portion of str1.

May also specify substrings for an expansion.

%PATH:~10,5%

would expand the PATH environment variable, and then use only the 5
characters that begin at the 11th (offset 10) character of the expanded
result. If the length is not specified, then it defaults to the
remainder of the variable value. If either number (offset or length) is
negative, then the number used is the length of the environment variable
value added to the offset or length specified.

%PATH:~-10%

would extract the last 10 characters of the PATH variable.

%PATH:~0,-2%

would extract all but the last 2 characters of the PATH variable.

Finally, support for delayed environment variable expansion has been
added. This support is always disabled by default, but may be
enabled/disabled via the /V command line switch to CMD.EXE. See CMD /?

Delayed environment variable expansion is useful for getting around
the limitations of the current expansion which happens when a line
of text is read, not when it is executed. The following example
demonstrates the problem with immediate variable expansion:

set VAR=before
if "%VAR%" == "before" (
set VAR=after
if "%VAR%" == "after" @echo If you see this, it worked
)

would never display the message, since the %VAR% in BOTH IF statements
is substituted when the first IF statement is read, since it logically
includes the body of the IF, which is a compound statement. So the
IF inside the compound statement is really comparing "before" with
"after" which will never be equal. Similarly, the following example
will not work as expected:

set LIST=
for %i in (*) do set LIST=%LIST% %i
echo %LIST%

in that it will NOT build up a list of files in the current directory,
but instead will just set the LIST variable to the last file found.
Again, this is because the %LIST% is expanded just once when the
FOR statement is read, and at that time the LIST variable is empty.
So the actual FOR loop we are executing is:

for %i in (*) do set LIST= %i

which just keeps setting LIST to the last file found.

Delayed environment variable expansion allows you to use a different
character (the exclamation mark) to expand environment variables at
execution time. If delayed variable expansion is enabled, the above
examples could be written as follows to work as intended:

set VAR=before
if "%VAR%" == "before" (
set VAR=after
if "!VAR!" == "after" @echo If you see this, it worked
)

set LIST=
for %i in (*) do set LIST=!LIST! %i
echo %LIST%

If Command Extensions are enabled, then there are several dynamic
environment variables that can be expanded but which don't show up in
the list of variables displayed by SET. These variable values are
computed dynamically each time the value of the variable is expanded.
If the user explicitly defines a variable with one of these names, then
that definition will override the dynamic one described below:

%CD% - expands to the current directory string.

%DATE% - expands to current date using same format as DATE command.

%TIME% - expands to current time using same format as TIME command.

%RANDOM% - expands to a random decimal number between 0 and 32767.

%ERRORLEVEL% - expands to the current ERRORLEVEL value

%CMDEXTVERSION% - expands to the current Command Processor Extensions
version number.

%CMDCMDLINE% - expands to the original command line that invoked the
Command Processor.

DO YOU KNOW WHAT IS DATA PROCESSING CONCEPT?

2010-01-27T19:30:00.000-08:00

The following events take place when a computer processes the data.

The programme and the necessary data are entered into the Computer System from an input device, and are stored in main memory where they can be accessed as needed.
Now, the C.P.U. (Central Processing Unit) retrieves the instructions from the main memory, one by one, and de-codes each instructions to determine what operation to be performed.
When required by instructions, the C.P.U. also retrieves the necessary data from main memory.
The C.P.U. then performs the operation required by the instruction, which might be arithmetic or logical operation. As each instructions are performed, the results are either temporary saved by the C.P.U. or are stored in memory.
The processing Cycle (retrieves instructions, decode and execute instructions, save results) is repeated until all the programme instructions have been carried out by the C.P.U. The final results are then either stored in main memory, or are sent to an output device such as a printer.

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Uses of "START" Command to run Application from Command Prompt

2010-01-22T09:07:00.000-08:00

MS-DOS External Command "FIND" it's Description, Use & Syntex

2010-01-21T07:29:00.000-08:00

Searches for a text string in a file or files.

FIND [/V] [/C] [/N] [/I] [/OFF[LINE]] "string" [[drive:][path]filename[ ...]]

/V Displays all lines NOT containing the specified string.
/C Displays only the count of lines containing the string.
/N Displays line numbers with the displayed lines.
/I Ignores the case of characters when searching for the string.
/OFF[LINE] Do not skip files with offline attribute set.
"string" Specifies the text string to find.
[drive:][path]filename
Specifies a file or files to search.

If a path is not specified, FIND searches the text typed at the prompt
or piped from another command.

APPLICATION OF "SET" COMMAND & ITS OPERATIONS

2010-01-18T16:11:00.000-08:00

WINDOWS XP'S "CMD" COMMAND - VERY USEFUL

2010-01-12T08:28:00.000-08:00

USE OF CHECK A DISK COMMAND "CHKDSK".

2010-01-11T17:55:00.001-08:00

Checks a disk and displays a status report.

CHKDSK [volume[[path]filename]]] [/F] [/V] [/R] [/X] [/I] [/C] [/L[:size]]

volume Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon),
mount point, or volume name.
filename FAT/FAT32 only: Specifies the files to check for fragmentation.
/F Fixes errors on the disk.
/V On FAT/FAT32: Displays the full path and name of every file
on the disk.
On NTFS: Displays cleanup messages if any.
/R Locates bad sectors and recovers readable information
(implies /F).
/L:size NTFS only: Changes the log file size to the specified number
of kilobytes. If size is not specified, displays current
size.
/X Forces the volume to dismount first if necessary.
All opened handles to the volume would then be invalid
(implies /F).
/I NTFS only: Performs a less vigorous check of index entries.
/C NTFS only: Skips checking of cycles within the folder
structure.

The /I or /C switch reduces the amount of time required to run Chkdsk by
skipping certain checks of the volume.

USE OF "FORMAT" COMMAND AND ITS OPTIONS

2010-01-07T09:19:00.000-08:00

Formats a disk for use with Windows XP.

FORMAT volume [/FS:file-system] [/V:label] [/Q] [/A:size] [/C] [/X]
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q] [/F:size]
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q] [/T:tracks /N:sectors]
FORMAT volume [/V:label] [/Q]
FORMAT volume [/Q]

volume Specifies the drive letter (followed by a colon),
mount point, or volume name.
/FS:filesystem Specifies the type of the file system (FAT, FAT32, or NTFS).
/V:label Specifies the volume label.
/Q Performs a quick format.
/C NTFS only: Files created on the new volume will be compressed
by default.
/X Forces the volume to dismount first if necessary. All opened
handles to the volume would no longer be valid.
/A:size Overrides the default allocation unit size. Default settings
are strongly recommended for general use.
NTFS supports 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16K, 32K, 64K.
FAT supports 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16K, 32K, 64K,
(128K, 256K for sector size > 512 bytes).
FAT32 supports 512, 1024, 2048, 4096, 8192, 16K, 32K, 64K,
(128K, 256K for sector size > 512 bytes).

Note that the FAT and FAT32 files systems impose the
following restrictions on the number of clusters on a volume:

FAT: Number of clusters <= 65526
FAT32: 65526 < Number of clusters < 4177918

Format will immediately stop processing if it decides that
the above requirements cannot be met using the specified
cluster size.

NTFS compression is not supported for allocation unit sizes
above 4096.

/F:size Specifies the size of the floppy disk to format (1.44)
/T:tracks Specifies the number of tracks per disk side.
/N:sectors Specifies the number of sectors per track.

CONCEPT OF DATA PROCESSING

2010-01-06T09:14:00.000-08:00

The following events take place when a computer processes the data.

The programme and the necessary data are entered into the Computer System from an input device, and are stored in main memory where they can be accessed as needed.
Now, the C.P.U. (Central Processing Unit) retrieves the instructions from the main memory, one by one, and de-codes each instructions to determine what operation to be performed.
When required by instructions, the C.P.U. also retrieves the necessary data from main memory.
The C.P.U. then performs the operation required by the instruction, which might be arithmetic or logical operation. As each instructions are performed, the results are either temporary saved by the C.P.U. or are stored in memory.
The processing Cycle (retrieves instructions, decode and execute instructions, save results) is repeated until all the programme instructions have been carried out by the C.P.U. The final results are then either stored in main memory, or are sent to an output device such as a printer.

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BITS AND BYTES

2010-01-06T09:05:00.000-08:00

The term Bit is a acronym for Binary Digit. The bit is the smallest piece of information that the computer can work with. The values 0 and 1 are called Bits. Bits are grouped together to from a larger chunk of information called as Byte. A byte consists of eight bits that the Computer stores and processes as a single Entry. A Byte represents one character o Data. The Computer can store individual bytes in its memory and later retrieve them

1 Byte	8 Bits
1 Kilobyte	1024 Bytes
1 Megabyte	1024 Kilobytes
1 Gigabyte	1024 Megabytes
1 Terabyte	1024 Gegabytes

Souce: Course on Computer Concepts CCC

How to compute Small Programmes in Various Language

2010-01-04T04:52:00.000-08:00

The following programmes compute in various language:

FORTRAN:

To calculate sum of 10 Numbers:

The sum of 10 Numbers
Sum = 0
DO 50 I = 1,10
Read (5,10) N
SUM = SUM +N
Continue
Write (6,20) Sum
Format (F6,2)
Format (1X, 'The sum of Given Numbers =', F10,2)
Stop
End

BASIC

To calculate sum of 10 Numbers:

Rem The sum of 10 Numbers
Let S = 0
For 1 = 1 to 10
Read N
Let S = S + N
Next 1
Print " The sum of Given Numbers = ", S
Data 4,20,15,32,48
Data 12,3,9,14,44
END

As well as we compute every programme in COBOL, PASCAL, C and C++ , Java etc.
Format (F6,2)
Format (1X, 'The sum of Given Numbers =', F10,2)
Stop
End

"EDIT" MS-DOS Command Uses

2010-01-03T00:57:00.000-08:00

MS-DOS "EDIT" Command used to edit File TEXT. The system is as follows:

EDIT [/B] [/H] [/R] [/S] [/] [/?] [file(s)]

/B - Forces monochrome mode.
/H - Displays the maximum number of lines possible for your hardware.
/R - Load file(s) in read-only mode.
/S - Forces the use of short filenames.
/ - Load binary file(s), wrapping lines to characters wide.
/? - Displays this help screen.
[file] - Specifies initial files(s) to load. Wildcards and multiple
filespecs can be given.

"DIR" MS-DOS most important Command

2010-01-03T00:24:00.000-08:00

The MS-DOS Command "DIR" runs to display Folder Contains:
The Specification & Details of DIR Command:

DIR [drive:][path][filename] [/A[[:]attributes]] [/B] [/C] [/D] [/L] [/N]
[/O[[:]sortorder]] [/P] [/Q] [/S] [/T[[:]timefield]] [/W] [/X] [/4]

[drive:][path][filename]
Specifies drive, directory, and/or files to list.

/A Displays files with specified attributes.
attributes D Directories R Read-only files
H Hidden files A Files ready for archiving
S System files - Prefix meaning not
/B Uses bare format (no heading information or summary).
/C Display the thousand separator in file sizes. This is the
default. Use /-C to disable display of separator.
/D Same as wide but files are list sorted by column.
/L Uses lowercase.
/N New long list format where filenames are on the far right.
/O List by files in sorted order.
sortorder N By name (alphabetic) S By size (smallest first)
E By extension (alphabetic) D By date/time (oldest first)
G Group directories first - Prefix to reverse order
/P Pauses after each screenful of information.
/Q Display the owner of the file.
/S Displays files in specified directory and all subdirectories.
/T Controls which time field displayed or used for sorting
timefield C Creation
A Last Access
W Last Written
/W Uses wide list format.
/X This displays the short names generated for non-8dot3 file
names. The format is that of /N with the short name inserted
before the long name. If no short name is present, blanks are
displayed in its place.
/4 Displays four-digit years

Switches may be preset in the DIRCMD environment variable. Override
preset switches by prefixing any switch with - (hyphen)--for example, /-W.

SAMPLE EXAMPLE OF PSEUDOCODE

2009-12-17T09:04:00.000-08:00

PSEUDOCODE:

.
.
.
REPEAT
Process 1
.
.
.
Process n
UNTIL Condition
.
.
.

CODE:

Set Count to Zero
Read first Student Record
DO WHILE Sexcode is not equal to Zero
If Sexcode = .F.
Calculate Percentage
If Percentage =>45 THEN
If Percentage<60 THEN
write output data
add 1 to Count
ENDIF
ENDIF
ENDIF
Read next student record
ENDDO
Write Count
STOP.

PRESENTION GRAPHICS ON MICROSOFT WORD

2009-12-16T18:25:00.000-08:00

Start MS Word Applications.
Set Line Spacing to 1.5 inches.
Type the above matter in Microsoft Work and save the document in "My Document" folder with any file name.
Use Universe font and set font size to 16 for title of the document. Underline the title and use Bold style.
Use Verdena font for subtitles in the document. Set font size to 13 and change found style to italic.
Use "Print Preview" command to see the preview and change zoom levels.
Save the Document with file name assignment 2 using Save AS command in the folder of your name. Use Create New Folder Icon to Create New Folder of your name.
See the Web Page Preview of the Document created by you.
Use Properties option in File menu and observe the use of this option.
Use Exit command to exit from Microsoft Word Application.

Sourse: Computer Fundamentls (Acci.-8)

BASIC OF COMPUTER NETWORKS

2009-12-15T19:55:00.000-08:00

The mergind of Computers and communications has had a profound influence on the way Computer Systems are organized. The old model of a single mainframe computer serving all at organizations needs has been replaced by one in which a large number of separate but interconnected computers do the job. These systems called computer networks.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN) : Local Area Network as the word itself defines, is a network confined to a small area. It is a network of computers that is privately owned and limited to a small room, single building or at most spread across the campus. There are three characterstic of LANs, which distinguish them from other types of networks:

Size
Transmission Technology
Topology

Source: CCC

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RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HARDWARES & SOFTWARES

2009-12-13T20:11:00.000-08:00

The following important points regarding the relationship between hardware and software are brought out by this analogy:
* Both Hardware and software are necessary for a computer to do useful job. Both are complementary to each other.

* The same hardware can be loaded with different software to make a computer system perform different types of jobs, just as different songs can be played using the same cassette player.

* Except for upgrades (like increasing the main memory and hard disk capacities, or adding speakers, modems, etc.) hardware is normally a one-time expenses, whereas software is a continuing expenses. Just as we by new cassettes for the newly released songs, or for songs whose cassettes we do not have, similarly one buys new software to be run on the same hardware, as and when need arises or funds become available.

Source: Computer Fundaamentals

BASIC APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTER

2009-12-07T18:29:00.000-08:00

The Computer era had brought vast changes in Industry Work, Government Management, Education Helps, Medicine Research, Scientific Research, Law and Social Sciences and even in Music-Film Industry and Art-Paining. It means Computer Era totally changes human style of living. The computers are used in following applications:

Education
Libraries and Museums
Scientific Research
Business Applications
Office Automation
Word Processing
Desktop Publishing
Banking
Reservation Systems
Air Trading Control
Flight Simulation

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FUNDAMENTAL: CHARACTERSTICS OF COMPUTERS

2009-12-06T19:58:00.000-08:00

Today's more increasing popularity of Computer and has proved it is very powerful and useful device. This powerful Device are popular due to its following characteristics:

Automatic
Speed
Accuracy
Diligence
Versatility
Power of Remembering
No I. Q.
No Feelings

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Introduction of Computer

2009-10-11T16:02:00.000-07:00

1. System (Computer Machine)
2. Monitor (Display Device)
3. Speaker (Output Device)
4. Key Board (Input Device)
5. Mouse (Input Device-Logic Instructions only)
6. Hand Scanner